This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults powerful tsunami waves and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea-oceanography-dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s.3 The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections-including the International Hydrographic Organization's four named oceans4 (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean 5 smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.12a More broadly, 'the sea' is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters-considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions.
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